Kojic Acid & Glutathione: Powerful brightening agents that help reduce dark spots, hyperpigmentation, acne marks, and uneven skin tone
The sealed pen prevents copper oxidation that occurs when vials are repeatedly opened, maintaining the bioactive Cu(II) form
Research suggests it may influence telomerase activity, a crucial factor in cellular aging
The redox cycling enzymes thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, sulfiredoxin, peroxiredoxin, GSH peroxidase, superoxide dismutase 1, and catalase, and several GSH S-transferases, which are the enzymes mediating the elimination of ROS, are all Nrf2 targets (242)
Adding TB-500 increases both cost and complexity, so it makes sense to reserve the stack for more challenging cases