According to a November 2023 Stanford Report, Stanford engineers created an injectable hydrogel depot system allowing GLP-1 medications to be given once every four months
Once its in, push the plunger to let the air out of the syringe, then pull it back the same amount to fill the barrel with the solution
Eccentric exercises have shown particular value for tendinopathy rehabilitation
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Intriguingly, GLP-1 and its receptor are widely expressed in regions of the central nervous system (CNS) associated with memory and learning such as the hippocampus and other higher cortical structures,7 as well as on neurons of the peripheral nervous system and the gut-brain axis.8 This distribution suggests a direct influence of the GLP-1 system on neural function, making GLP-1RAs promising candidates for addressing cognitive disorders.9 10 Their neuroprotective effects had already been postulated three decades ago when it was found that a component of Gila monsters venom, the peptide exendin-4, could be synthesised in a drug called exenatide for use in diabetes, dementias and other chronic diseases common to older age.11 12 Some GLP-1RAs (ie, semaglutide, tirzepatide) have undergone a rapid expansion of their use beyond T2DM, including their approval for weight loss, the reduction of cardiovascular and renal morbidity and mortality,13 14 and more recently sleep apnoea.15 As they appear to modulate directly the central reward system (ie, ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus, amygdala and others), these agents are also being tested in people with alcohol and other substance use disorders.16 However, the most significant body of both preclinical and clinical evidence is available for their repurposing in neurodegenerative disorders, advising that GLP-1RAs may enhance neuronal survival and delay disease progression.17 This review article explored the role of GLP-1RAs in treating cognitive disorders based on the most recent mechanistic and clinical findings, highlighting challenges and perspectives for their further development and potential healthcare applications
