Obesity and insulin resistance sustain elevated circulating concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines including Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-), Interleukin-1 (IL-1), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) molecules that promote DNA damage, tumour angiogenesis, and immune evasion
The presence of GLP-1 receptors in brain regions central to reward processing (Lpez-Ojeda & Hurley, 2024), together with evidence that GLP-1 RAs can modulate activity within these circuits (Gabery et al., 2020), has led to the hypothesis that GLP-1 RAs may reduce vulnerability to multiple maladaptive reward-seeking behaviors by blunting neuroaffective responses to reward-related cues (Eren-Yazicioglu et al., 2021
However, PIONEER-6 study was neither powered for superiority (CV efficacy) nor designed to determine statistical significance for secondary outcomes
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