Loffredo, L., Marcoccia, A., Pignatelli, P., Andreozzi, P., Borgia, M
HCG acts on the Leydig cells in the testes, encouraging them to produce more testosterone, which can be especially beneficial for men experiencing low testosterone (Low-T) due to age, stress, or other health conditions
Native IGF-1 is heavily bound by IGFBPs in serum, which limits free activity
Figure 1: Changes in A) escape latency and B) time spent in quadrants across all treatment groups
While this represents a higher per-treatment cost than oral supplements, the superior absorption and reduced frequency often make injections cost-competitive over time, particularly for those who dont absorb oral forms effectively