Nevertheless, pharmacological levels of OXM (sufficient to activate GLP-1R and GCGR) have shown anti-obesity effects in humans, by significantly reducing appetite (108, 109) and increasing energy expenditure (110)
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3b and Supplementary Table 3)
A metabolomic analysis targeting tryptophan metabolism showed that inulin intervention upregulated fecal levels of indole-3-acetate and kynurenine in rats with NAFLD, while downregulating levels of kynurenine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid ( Role of inulin in disease Inulin can regulate the metabolism of glucose, lipids, and amino acids in addition to intestinal immune and systemic immunomodulatory effects
Grover M, Bernard CE, Pasricha PJ, et al