doi:10.1038/nn.4202
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The adiponectin gene is located on chromosome 3q26, a region highly susceptible to the development of metabolic syndrome and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Research conducted on the Pima Indians of Arizona, a population with the highest known prevalence of Type 2 diabetes, has shown low adiponectin levels are associated with insulin resistance, whereas higher concentration of adiponectin helped protect against development of Type 2 diabetes. CNIs in addition to increasing insulin resistance, induces pancreatic beta cell apoptosis if administered in large doses., resulting in decreased insulin secretion. Thus CNIs, while effective in preventing organ rejection, disrupt glucose metabolism by increasing insulin resistance and reducing insulin secretion leading to abnormalities in the glucose homeostasis (Figure 1)

Marilynn Larkin, MA, is an award-winning medical writer and editor whose work has appeared in numerous publications, including Medscape Medical News and its sister publication MDedge, The Lancet (where she was a contributing editor), and Reuters Health.
The route of administration significantly impacts treatment speed