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The fundamental mechanism is the activation of phase II detoxification enzymes or antioxidase controlled by Nrf2/ARE, including the expression of NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), GPX, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (Truong et al., 2014)
Strengths Multiple active compounds with complementary effects Good human evidence for glycemic benefit Relatively well tolerated Limitations Some GI discomfort or bloating Varying potency in commercial preparations American Ginseng Best for: Someone already using glucose-lowering therapy who wants a botanical adjunct, or someone wanting broader metabolic support (insulin, lipid, and inflammation modulation)
Primary antibodies targeted FOXO4, Leydig cell markers (StAR, CYP11A1, 3-HSD), spermatogenesis markers (PCNA, PLZF, UCHL1, SCP3), and senescence/apoptosis markers (Ser15-phospho-p53)
This large-scale evidence supports our narrative review published in 2025, in which we suggested a connection between GLP-1RAs and addiction based on the limited evidence available in the literature at that time
doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2018.05.008
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