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Under these conditions, lipoic acid synthase sustains TCA cycle function through FeS cluster-mediated acylations [100]
Next, the third line of defense (de novo antioxidants) is mainly responsible for repairing or eliminating biomolecular structural damage caused by free radicals and inducing the regeneration of damaged biomolecules from oxidative damage, including DNA repair enzyme systems, lipases, and proteolytic enzymes that can repair damaged molecules [33, 35]
As the field advances, standardized preclinical evaluation models, multi-omics integration, and AI-guided predictive design will be essential for translating these bioadaptive systems into clinical reality
While many uses remain "off-label," clinical interest focuses on their ability to act as targeted biological messengers for specific systems
Glutathione functions as a cofactor for various antioxidant enzymes, including glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase , and participates in the regeneration of other antioxidants such as vitamins C and E
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